The Permanent Government: How Federal Career Workers Are Shaping the Limits of Executive Power
Executive orders make headlines. The federal workers who implement—or quietly reshape—those orders rarely do. As the second Trump administration pushes an aggressive policy agenda, the most consequential friction is not coming from Congress or the courts, but from the vast, largely invisible machinery of the career civil service. Understanding how that machinery works, and why it resists, is essential to understanding how American governance actually functions.